Paul Preston. This meant the killing of people viewed as enemies of the state began immediately upon the Nationalists' capture of a place. The bishop of Zamora in 1936 was more or less an assassin—I don't remember his name. Anyone who did not attend Mass faithfully was likely to be suspected of 'red' tendencies. Surpass them in your moral conduct; surpass them by your generosity. April 17: Foundation of the Cordeliers club, which meets in the former convent of that name. A period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.” The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summary executions across France. The famous massacre of Badajoz was merely the culminating act of a ritual that had already been performed in every town and village in the South-West of Spain. 1 historical The period of violent repression led by counter-revolutionary forces in 1795, in reaction to the First French Revolution; the violence and bloodshed of this period. [6]: Furthermore, under the Francoist legislation, a woman needed her husband's permission to take a job or open a bank account. The main goal of the White Terror was to terrify the civil population who opposed the coup,[5]:248[6]:201[9]:34 eliminate the supporters of the Republic and the militants of the leftist parties,[9]:29[3]:84[39]:375 and because of this, some historians have considered the White Terror a genocide. [9]:134, Political parties and trade unions were forbidden except for the government party, Traditionalist Spanish Falange and Offensive of the Unions of the National-Syndicalist (Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista or FET de las JONS), and the official trade union Spanish Trade Union Organisation (Sindicato Vertical). [7]:407 Until 1963, all the opponents of the Francoist State were brought before military courts. [2] Julián Casanova Ruiz, nominated in 2008 among the experts in the first judicial investigation (conducted by judge Baltasar Garzón) against the Francoist crimes[63] estimate 50,000. Nevertheless, in October 2008 a Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzón, of the National Court of Spain authorized, for the first time, an investigation into the disappearance and assassination of 114,000 victims of the Francoist State between 1936 and 1952. In republican Spain, most of the killing was the consequence of anarchy, the outcome of a national breakdown, and not the work of the state; even though some political parties in some cities abetted the enormities, and even though some of those responsible ultimately rose to positions of authority.[5]:268. [46]:266 According to Paul Preston: "The increase in prostitution both benefited Francoist men who thereby slaked their lust and also reassured them that 'red' women were a fount of dirt and corruption". [7]:89–94 In the 1936–45 period, Francoist Spain had many official enemies: Loyalists to the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39), Liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, atheists, intellectuals, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jews, Romanis, Basque, Catalan, Andalusian and Galician nationalists. The white terror : a romance of the French Revolution and after by Gras, Félix, 1845-1901 We have to create the impression of mastery eliminating without scruples or hesitation all those who do not think as we do. The Nationalists committed their atrocities in public, with assistance from the local Catholic Church clergy and from the upper social classes of the place (land and people) to be politically cleansed. As they did not trust the [local] people, the authorities imposed their will by means of terror, committing atrocities in order to achieve their aim. In the history of Spain, the White Terror (also known as the Francoist Repression, la Represión franquista) describes the political repression, including executions and rapes, which were carried out by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), as well as during the first nine years of the regime of General Francisco Franco. [6]:120[58]:431–33 but in the Massacre of Badajoz the number of Republicans killed reached several thousands. Everyone knew what this meant. [47]:247, Many of the executions in the course of the war were carried by militants of the fascist party Falange[38]:175 (Falange Española de las J.O.N.S.) The White Terror was especially harsh in the southern part of Spain (Andalusia and Extremadura). Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/White-Terror-French-history, French Revolution: Counterrevolution, regicide, and the Reign of Terror. Miguel de Unamuno's letter to the ABC director in Seville in: Gonzalo Redondo, Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. In battle or zeal in the southern part of Spain ( Andalusia and Extremadura troops. 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